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1.
Rev. Paul. Pediatr. (Ed. Port., Online) ; 41: e2021164, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1387513

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and synthesize scientific evidence that the use of face protection masks by children, in the community and at home, is a way of preventing communicable diseases. Data source: A scoping review was made using the Joana Briggs Institute method and PRISMA-ScR. A research was carried out in five electronic databases, at the Cochrane Library and on seven websites of governmental and non-governmental institutions. The data were organized in a spreadsheet and submitted to narrative analysis. Data synthesis: Initially, 658 productions were identified, of which 19 made up the final sample. Studies with higher levels of evidence are scarce. The types of masks identified were professional (surgical and facial respirators with filtration) and non-professional (homemade). The transmissible agents studied were influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, and the evaluated environments were schools, homes and community spaces. The main discomforts reported were heat, shortness of breath, headache and maladjustment to the face. The indication and acceptability of masks change according to the age group and clinical conditions. There is no consensus on the reduction in the transmissibility of infections. Conclusions: Children older than five can benefit from the correct use of masks, as long as they are supervised, taught and educated to do so and the masks should be well adjusted to the face. The use of masks show better results when associated with other measures such as physical distancing, keeping places ventilated and frequent hand hygiene.


RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e sintetizar evidências científicas sobre o uso de máscaras faciais de proteção por crianças, na comunidade e no domicílio, como forma de prevenção de doenças transmissíveis. Fontes de dados: Revisão de escopo seguindo o método Joana Briggs Institute e o PRISMA-ScR. Realizou-se pesquisa em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, na Biblioteca Cochrane e em sete sites de instituições governamentais e não governamentais. Os dados foram organizados em planilha e submetidos à análise narrativa. Síntese dos dados: Inicialmente foram identificadas 658 produções, das quais 19 compuseram a amostra final. Estudos com melhores níveis de evidência são escassos. Os tipos de máscaras identificadas foram as profissionais (cirúrgicas e respiradores faciais com filtragem) e as não profissionais (caseiras). Os agentes transmissíveis estudados foram os vírus influenza e SARS-CoV-2, e os ambientes avaliados foram escolas, domicílios e espaços comunitários. Os principais desconfortos relatados foram calor, falta de ar, dor de cabeça e desajuste ao rosto. A indicação e a aceitabilidade mudam conforme faixa etária e condições clínicas. Não há consenso sobre a redução da transmissibilidade de infecções. Conclusões: Crianças maiores de 5 anos podem se beneficiar com o uso correto de máscaras, desde que sejam supervisionadas e educadas para isso e que a máscara esteja bem ajustada ao rosto. Há melhores resultados quando seu uso está associado a outras medidas, como distanciamento físico, permanência em locais arejados e higiene frequente das mãos.

2.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(4): EN199121, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1374818

ABSTRACT

Discrimination due to sexual orientation (DDSO) has an important association with health outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to analyze factors associated with DDSO among MSM in 12 Brazilian cities. This is a cross-sectional study with 4,176 MSM participants recruited in 2016 which used a respondent-driven sampling method in 12 Brazilian cities. DDSO levels were previously identified by a latent class analysis based on 13 variables from the discrimination section. An ordinal logistic regression was used to assess associations with these DDSO levels, and weighted ordinal odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using Gile's estimator. Most participants were young (< 25 years old) black or of mixed-race (pardo), single individuals who had a religious affiliation, primary or incomplete secondary education, and a high and average socioeconomic status. More than half (65%) reported DDSO in the 12 months prior to this study. We observed an independent association among the four latent DDSO classes and the following variables: age < 25 years old (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.21-2.27), white skin color (OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.02-2.01), history of sexual (OR = 2.33; 95%CI: 1.58-3.43) and physical violence (OR = 3.08; 95%CI: 2.11-4.49), disclosure of their sexual orientation as MSM to their fathers (OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.47-2.72), experienced suicidal ideation in the two weeks prior to this study (OR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.46-2.98), and use of any illicit drugs in the last six months (OR = 1.61; 95%CI: 1.19-2.18). Our results indicate that contextual factors may contribute to high DDSO levels among MSM in Brazil. Public health policies toward human rights surveillance and protection among MSM must be urgently addressed.


A discriminação com base na orientação sexual mostra uma associação forte com desfechos de saúde entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). O estudo buscou analisar fatores associados com a discriminação por orientação sexual entre HSH em 12 cidades brasileiras. Um estudo transversal recrutou 4.176 HSH em 2016, usando o método respondent-driven sampling em 12 cidades brasileiras. Os níveis de discriminação por orientação sexual foram identificados previamente por análise de classes latentes, com base em 13 variáveis do capítulo sobre discriminação. Foi usada regressão logística ordinal para avaliar as associações com esses níveis de discriminação por orientação sexual, e o estimador de Gile foi utilizado para estimar as razões de chances ordinais ponderadas (OR) e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Os participantes eram majoritariamente jovens (< 25 anos), solteiros, com filiação religiosa, com escolaridade primária ou Ensino Médio incompleto, pretos ou pardos e com nível socioeconômico alto ou médio. Mais da metade relatava discriminação por orientação sexual nos últimos 12 meses (65%). Observamos uma associação independente entre as quatro classes latentes de discriminação por orientação sexual e as seguintes variáveis: idade < 25 anos (OR = 1,66; IC95%: 1,21-2,27), cor branca (OR = 1,43; IC95%: 1,02-2,01), história de violência sexual (OR = 2,33; IC95%: 1,58-3,43) e física (OR = 3,08; IC95%: 2,11-4,49), ter divulgado ao pai a orientação sexual enquanto HSH (OR = 2,00; IC95%: 1,47-2,72), relato de ideação suicida nas últimas duas semanas (OR = 2,09; IC95%: 1,46-2,98) e uso de qualquer droga ilícita nos últimos seis meses (OR = 1,61; IC95%: 1,19-2,18). Nossos resultados indicam que fatores contextuais podem contribuir para os altos níveis de discriminação contra HSH no Brasil. São urgentes políticas de saúde pública voltadas para a vigilância e proteção dos direitos humanos dos HSH.


La discriminación debida a la orientación sexual (DDSO, por sus siglas en inglés) tiene una asociación importante con los resultados de salud entre los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar factores asociados con DDSO entre HSH en 12 ciudades brasileñas. Un estudio trasversal con 4.176 participantes HSH reclutados en 2016, usando un método de muestreo basado en los encuestados de 12 ciudades brasileñas. Los niveles de DDSO se identificaron previamente mediante un análisis de clase latente, basado en 13 variables desde la sección de discriminación. Se utilizó una regresión logística ordinal para evaluar las asociaciones con estos niveles de DDSO y se estimaron las razones de posibilidades ponderadas ordinales (OR) y su respectivo intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%) usando el estimador de Gile. La mayoría de los participantes eran jóvenes (< 25 años de edad), solteros, tenían filiación religiosa, una escolaridad primaria o secundaria incompleta, eran negros o mestizos (pardos) y tenían un elevado promedio socioeconómico. Más de la mitad informaron DDSO en los 12 meses previos (65%). Observamos una asociación independiente entre las cuatro clases latentes de DDSO y las siguientes variables: edad < 25 años (OR = 1,66; IC95%: 1,21-2,27), color de piel blanca (OR = 1,43; IC95%: 1,02-2,01), historia de violencia sexual (OR = 2,33; IC95%: 1,58-3,43) y violencia física (OR = 3,08; IC95%: 2,11-4,49), revelaron al padre su orientación sexual como HSH (OR = 2,00; IC95%: 1,47-2,72), tuvieron ideas suicidas durante las dos semanas previas (OR = 2,09; IC95%: 1,46-2,98) y consumieron alguna droga ilícita en los últimos seis meses (OR = 1,61; IC95%: 1,19-2,18). Nuestros resultados indican que los factores contextuales podrían haber contribuido a los altos niveles de DDSO entre HSH en Brasil. Se deben dirigir urgentemente políticas públicas de salud orientadas a la vigilancia y protección de los derechos humanos entre HSH.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Perception , Sexual Behavior , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cities , Homosexuality, Male
3.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 42: 1-16, 20210101.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1283434

ABSTRACT

Objectives: This study identifies the factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events in adults and elderly on antiretroviral therapy. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with adults and elderly patients, attended by the Specialized Assistance Service between September 2016 and August 2017. Adverse events were measured through self-reports collected in interviews, information collected in medical records, and changes identified in laboratory tests, with the degree of causality being assessed using the Naranjo Algorithm. Univariate analysis, with results expressed as odds ratio (OR) and their respective confidence intervals (CI 95%), was performed to estimate the association between sociodemographic, pharmacotherapeutic, and clinical characteristics (explanatory variables) with the occurrence of four or more adverse events to antiretroviral therapy (response variable). For multivariate analysis, multiple logistic regression was considered in order to verify the permanence or absence of associations previously found in the univariate analysis. Results: Prevalence of adverse events to antiretroviral therapy was 92.6%, with the median of adverse events being four (IQR 25%: 2 ; IQR 75%: 5) and two (IQR 25%: 2 ; IQR 75%: 4), respectively, among adults and elderly (p <0.05). Additionally, 340 adverse events were identified, among which nightmares (15.0%) and vertigo (13.5%) were the most frequent. Most of the adverse events identified were classified as possible (96.2% / n = 327). In the initial univariate analysis, factors such receipt of guidance on adverse events and age were associated with a higher occurrence of adverse events to antiretroviral therapy. Contrary to expectations, the elderly were considered less susceptible to have adverse events when compared to adults (OR = 0.363; CI 95% = 0.164-0.801). However, the final multivariate analysis model revealed "receipt of guidance on adverse events" as the only variable significantly associated with the presence of four or more adverse events to antiretroviral therapy (OR = 4.183 ; CI 95% = 1.775-9.855). Conclusions: Results suggest difference in perception of adverse events between patients who received and those who did not receive guidance in this regard, which indicates the importance of health professionals to provide specific information to their patients regarding adverse events to antiretroviral therapy. Thus the patient can understand the effects generated by the treatment and inform these professionals for the notification of adverse events, in order to improve pharmacovigilance actions and promote patient safety.

4.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 37(11): e00150520, 2021. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1394185

ABSTRACT

A epidemia do HIV no Brasil é concentrada em populações-chave. Organizações não governamentais (ONGs) que atuam em defesa dos direitos da população LGBT e de pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de políticas de prevenção. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o envolvimento em ONGs e analisar sua associação com a participação individual em ações de educação em saúde, testagem e prevenção às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) e ao HIV, como parte de um estudo nacional de vigilância biológica e comportamental entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). Trata-se de estudo transversal utilizando respondent driven sampling (RDS) em 12 cidades brasileiras. A magnitude da associação do envolvimento em ONGs com cada ação foi avaliada pela estimativa de odds ratio por meio de regressão logística por amostragem complexa, considerando cada cidade como um estrato e ponderando pelo estimador de Gile. Foi estimada a proporção relativa atribuída ao envolvimento em ONGs para cada evento avaliado. Dentre 4.176 participantes, a maioria tinha menos de 25 anos (56,5%) e baixo nível econômico (56,7%). Um quarto dos HSH referiu se envolver em ONGs, que foi significativamente associado com as ações avaliadas: receber preservativo e gel lubrificante, participar de palestra, receber material educativo e aconselhamento em IST, conhecimento de profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) e profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP), testagem para sífilis e HIV, ter aceitação do autoteste e saber onde realizar teste para HIV. ONGs têm um papel histórico na resposta à epidemia de HIV no Brasil e, apesar de terem sofrido significativa redução de recursos nos últimos anos, mantêm relevante atuação nas ações de saúde pública.


The HIV epidemic in Brazil is concentrated in key populations. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working in defense of LGBT rights and the rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS can contribute to the development of prevention policies. The current study's objectives are to assess involvement in NGOs and analyze the association with individual participation in health education, testing, and STI and HIV prevention activities as part of a national study on biological and behavioral surveillance in men who have sex with men (MSM). This is a cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in 12 Brazilian cities. The magnitude of the association between involvement in NGOs and each activity was assessed with estimation of odds ratios via logistic regression with complex sampling, considering each city as a stratum and weighting by the Gile estimator. The relative proportion attributed to involvement in NGOs was estimated for each event. Among 4,176 participants, the majority were under 25 years of age (56.5%) and with low socioeconomic status (56.7%). One-fourth of MSM reported being involved in NGOs, which was associated significantly with the target activities: receiving free condoms and lubricant gel, participating in talks on STIs, receiving educational materials and counseling on STIs, prior knowledge of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), testing for syphilis and HIV, acceptance of HIV self-testing, and knowing where to get an HIV test. NGOs play a historical role in the response to the HIV epidemic in Brazil, and despite a significant cutback in resources in recent years, they have maintained relevant work in public health activities.


La epidemia de VIH en Brasil se concentra en poblaciones clave. Organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) que actúan en defensa de los derechos de la población LGBT, y de personas viviendo con VIH/sida, pueden contribuir al desarrollo de políticas de prevención. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la implicación en ONGs y analizar su asociación con la participación individual en acciones de educación en salud, pruebas y prevención frente a las IST y al VIH, como parte de un estudio nacional de vigilancia biológica y comportamental entre hombres que practican sexo con hombres (HSH). Se trata de un estudio transversal, utilizando respondent driven sampling en 12 ciudades brasileñas. Se evaluó la magnitud de la asociación de la implicación en ONGs con cada acción mediante la estimación de odds ratio, a través de una regresión logística por muestra compleja, considerando cada ciudad como un estrato, y ponderando por el estimador de Gile. Se estimó la proporción relativa atribuida a la implicación en ONGs para cada evento evaluado. De entre los 4176 participantes, la mayoría tenía menos de 25 años (56,5%) y bajo nivel económico (56,7%). Un cuarto de los HSH mencionó estar implicado en ONGs, lo que estuvo significativamente asociado con las acciones evaluadas: recibir preservativo y gel lubrificante, participar en ponencias, recibir material educativo y consejo en IST, conocimiento de profilaxia pos-exposición (PEP) y profilaxia pre-exposición (PrEP), pruebas de sífilis y VIH, haber aceptado el autotest y saber donde realizar el test para el VIH. Las ONGs tienen un papel histórico en la respuesta a la epidemia de VIH en Brasil y, a pesar de haber sufrido una significativa reducción de recursos en los últimos años, mantienen una relevante actuación en las acciones de salud pública.

5.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 24(4): 288-295, Jul.-Aug. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-1132462

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Life expectancy of people living with human immunodeficiency (PLHIV) has increased mainly due to the accessibility and effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, adverse effects from long-term use of antiretrovirals, and the physiological changes associated with aging, may compromise the quality of life of PLHIV, in addition to causing new demands on the healthcare system. Objectives Estimate the frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients on prolonged ART and to verify their associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from August 2017 to June 2018, in a sample of PLHIV (age≥18 years) who started ART between 2001 and 2005. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, physical evaluation, laboratory tests, and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Screening (DEXA). The outcome of interest was presence of bone alteration, defined as presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis in DEXA. The association between the explanatory variables and the event was assessed through odds ratio (OR) estimate, with 95% confidence interval (CI). Multiple logistic regression was performed to evaluate factors independently associated with bone alteration. Results Among 92 participants, 47.8% presented bone alteration (19.6% osteoporosis and 28.2% osteopenia). The variables that remained in the final logistic regression model were age ≥ 50 years (OR: 12.53; 95% CI: 4.37-35.90) and current alcohol use (OR: 2.63; 95% CI: 0.94-7.37). Conclusions This study showed a high frequency of bone changes, especially in PLHIV older than 50 years. This information is useful to stimulate the screening and timely intervention of this comorbidity of PLHIV on prolonged use of ART in order to prevent or minimize complications and new demands on the healthcare system.


Subject(s)
Humans , Osteoporosis , Bone Diseases, Metabolic , HIV Infections , Quality of Life , Brazil , Bone Density , Cross-Sectional Studies
6.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 22(supl.1): e190003, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042212

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: Discrimination based on sexual orientation can influence vulnerability to HIV, increasing exposure to risky sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM). Objectives: To analyze data using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of individuals with specific patterns of discrimination based on sexual orientation (DSO). Methods: Cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in 12 Brazilian cities in 2016. LCA was used to characterize discrimination among MSM based on 13 variables in the survey questionnaire. The proportions of men reporting DSO and other variables of interest were estimated using Gile's Successive Sampling estimator. Results: Most MSM were young, single, had a religion, had a high school or college degree, black or brown skin color, and socioeconomic status classified as average. More than half of the participants reported that they had been discriminated against during the last 12 months due to their sexual orientation (65%), more than a third said they had felt afraid of walking in public places during the past 12 months, and about one-fifth of participants reported having been victims of physical or sexual assault due to DSO. DSO was classified into four latent classes: "very high", "high", "moderate" and "low", with estimates of 2.2%, 16.4%, 35.1%, and 46.19%, respectively. Conclusion: We observed a high proportion of discrimination against MSM in this study. The use of LCA differentiated parsimoniously classes of discrimination.


RESUMO Introdução: A discriminação por orientação sexual (DPOS) pode influenciar a vulnerabilidade ao HIV aumentando a exposição a comportamentos sexuais de risco entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). Objetivos: Examinar dados utilizando a análise de classes latentes (ACL) para identificar grupos de indivíduos com padrões específicos de DPOS. Métodos: Estudo transversal com entrevistados recrutados pelo processo amostral respondent driven sampling em 12 cidades brasileiras em 2016. A ACL foi usada para caracterizar o DPOS entre HSH com base em 13 variáveis do bloco de discriminação do questionário da pesquisa. As proporções de DPOS e das variáveis de interesse, bem como seus intervalos de confiança (95%) foram ponderados usando o estimador de Gile. Resultados: A maioria era de jovens, solteiros, com alguma religião, escolaridade média ou superior, cor da pele preta ou parda e com nível socioeconômico médio. Mais da metade referiu ter sido discriminado nos últimos 12 meses por sua orientação sexual (65%), mais de um terço referiu ter tido medo de andar em lugares públicos nos últimos 12 meses e em torno de um quinto dos participantes reportaram ter sofrido agressão física ou sexual na vida. A DPOS foi classificada em 4 classes latentes, "muito alta", "alta", "média" e "baixa", com estimativas de 2,2%, 16,4%, 35,1% e 46,19%, respectivamente. Conclusão: Observou-se alta proporção de discriminação entre os HSH participantes deste estudo. A utilização da ACL discriminou de maneira parcimoniosa as classes de DPOS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Sexism/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Homosexuality, Male/ethnology , Discrimination, Psychological , Self Report , Sexism/ethnology , Latent Class Analysis
7.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 22(2): 113-122, Mar.-Apr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-951632

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT HIV/AIDS epidemic is not well controlled, and multiple sexual behavior factors help explain high rates of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). This article proposes to exam the use of a potential risk behavior score for HIV infection, based on the type and number of sexual partners, and condom use, and their associated factors in a sample of MSM in Brazil. A cross sectional RDS (Respondent Driven Sampling) study was performed among 3738 MSM aged 18+ years old from ten Brazilian cities. The risk behavior score was composed by the number of male partners and anal condom use in the last year with steady, casual, and commercial partners. Most participants were 25+ years old (58.1%), non-white (83.1%), and single (84.9%). Final weighted ordinal logistic model showed that age ≤ 25 years old (p = 0.037), homosexual or bisexual identity (p < 0.001), sexual initiation before 15-year-old (p < 0.001), having sex with men only in the last 12 months (p < 0.001), frequent alcohol and illicit drug use (p < 0.001), and use of local sites to meet sexual partners in the last month were independently associated with higher scores of risky behavior. Specific strategies should be developed aimed at the MSM population. Additionally, pre-exposed prophylaxis (Prep) should be considered for those at higher score as a strategy for reducing risk for HIV infection in this population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Risk-Taking , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Social Class , Brazil/epidemiology , Sexual Partners , Syphilis/blood , Syphilis/transmission , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/transmission , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Condoms/statistics & numerical data , Risk Assessment , Educational Status
8.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 12(39): 1-13, jan.-dez. 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-877089

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil de resistência bacteriana e o manejo clínico das infecções do trato urinário (ITU) no município de Divinópolis, MG. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos a partir das uroculturas positivas realizadas no primeiro semestre de 2015 no Laboratório Municipal de Microbiologia e por meio de entrevistas com médicos atuantes na atenção básica de Divinópolis, MG. Resultados: Das uroculturas avaliadas (N=802), 72,8% isolaram a bactéria Escherichia coli, sendo 38,6% delas resistentes ao sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, 33,0% ao norfloxacino, 31,8% ao ciprofloxacino e 9,0% à nitrofurantoína. Dos 57 médicos entrevistados, 73,5% solicitam, habitualmente, algum exame laboratorial para cistite aguda não complicada. Os antimicrobianos de primeira escolha no tratamento empírico das ITU, segundo os entrevistados, foram norfloxacino (56,1%), sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima (19,3%), ciprofloxacino (10,5%) e nitrofurantoína (8,8%). Conclusão: Os dados encontrados indicam que as taxas de resistência bacteriana às quinolonas nas ITU são elevadas e que a terapia empírica adotada pela maioria dos médicos entrevistados vai contra esse perfil de resistência. Por outro lado, foi encontrada uma baixa resistência à nitrofurantoína, demonstrando a necessidade de elaboração de protocolo local de tratamento.


Objective: To analyze the bacterial resistance profile and clinical management of urinary tract infections (UTI) in the city of Divinópolis, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which data were obtained from the positive urine cultures performed in the first half of 2015 in Municipal Laboratory of Microbiology and from interviews with doctors working in the municipal primary care assistance of Divinópolis. Results: Out of the urocultures evaluated (N=802), 72.8% isolated Escherichia coli, 38.6% of them being resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 33.0% to norfloxacin, 31.8% to ciprofloxacin and 9.0% to nitrofurantoin. In the total amount of 57 physicians interviewed, 73.5% usually order laboratory test for acute uncomplicated cystitis. The antimicrobials of first choice in the empirical treatment of UTI, according to the interviewed, were norfloxacin (56.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (19.3%), ciprofloxacin (10.5%) and nitrofurantoin (8.8%). Conclusion: The data obtained indicate that the rates of bacterial resistance to quinolones are high in UTI and that the empirical therapy adopted by the majority of interviewees goes against this resistance profile. On the other hand, a low resistance to nitrofurantoin was found, which demonstrates the need to elaborate a local treatment protocol.


Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de resistencia bacteriana y el manejo clínico de las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) en la ciudad de Divinópolis, Brasil. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivo. Los datos fueron obtenidos a partir de los cultivos de orina positivos hechos en el primer semestre de 2015 en el Laboratorio Municipal de Microbiología y por entrevistas con los médicos que trabajan en la atención primaria de Divinópolis. Resultados: De los cultivos de orina evaluados (N=802), 72,8% encontraron la bacteria Escherichia coli y 38,6% de ellas eran resistentes al sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, 33,0% al norfloxacino, 31,8% al ciprofloxacino y 9,0% a la nitrofurantoína. De los 57 médicos entrevistados, 73,5% solicitan en general algún examen de laboratorio para la cistitis aguda no complicada. Los antimicrobianos de primera opción en el tratamiento empírico de las ITU, según los entrevistados, fueron norfloxacino (56,1%), sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima (19,3%), ciprofloxacino (10,5%) y nitrofurantoína (8,8%). Conclusión: Los datos encontrados indican altas tasas de resistencia bacteriana a las quinolonas en las ITU y la terapia empírica adoptada por la mayoría de los médicos entrevistados va en contra ese perfil de resistencia. Por otro lado, se encontró una baja resistencia a la nitrofurantoína, demostrando la necesidad de elaboración de protocolo local de tratamiento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Community-Acquired Infections , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Drug Utilization , Escherichia coli , Primary Health Care , Quinolones , Urinary Tract Infections
9.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 23(4)out.-dez. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704932

ABSTRACT

Introdução: a epidemia do HIV no Brasil caracteriza-se como concentrada em populações-chave, incluindo homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). No entanto, são pouco conhecidos os indicadores de monitoramento e avaliação da epidemia em nível estadual ou municipal destas populações. Objetivo: descrever comportamentos de risco e prevalências de HIV e sífilis em população de HSH em Belo Horizonte, MG.Métodos: estudo de corte transversal parte de estudo multicêntrico nacional entre HSH adultos. A amostra foi recrutada pela técnica Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e exames para HIV e sífilis. Resultados: foram recrutados 274 HSH em Belo Horizonte. Os participantes eram principalmente indivíduos jovens, com alta escolaridade, de classes sociais A/B, que se autorreferiram gay ou homossexual e tinham alta proporção do uso irregular de preservativos. As prevalências ponderadas da infecção pelo HIV e de sífilis foram, respectivamente, 10,3 e 13,9%. Idade, cor, contar para a mãe ou pai sobre a orientação sexual, testagem prévia para o HIV ou sífilis, diagnóstico prévio de sífilis ou de outras DSTs foram estatisticamente associados a ambas as infecções (p<0,05). Estado civil, família ser indiferente ou desaprovar a opção sexual, ter melhor conhecimento sobre HIV/Aids, mas não saber avaliar sua percepção de risco estiveram estatisticamente associados somente ao HIV e classe social somente com sífilis. Conclusão: os resultados revelam a gravidade da epidemia do HIV na população de HSH residentes em Belo Horizonte. Políticas públicas no nível municipal e estadual devem ser implementadas e/ou revistas com urgência...


Introduction: The HIV epidemic in Brazil is characterized as concentrated on key populations, incluiding men Who have sex with men (MSM). However, monitoring and evaluation indicators are not well known at Municipal or State levels. Objective: To describe risk behaviors and HIV and syphilis prevalences among MSM in Belo Horizonte, MG. Methods: Crosssectional study part of a national multicenter study among adult MSM in Brazil. The sample was recruited using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) technique. Semistructure interviews and serological exams for HIV and syphilis were conducted. Resultads: A total of 274 MSM were recruited in Belo Horizonte. Participants were mostly young, with high education, social classes A/B, self-reported as gay or homosexual and with high proportion of irregular use of condoms. Weighted prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis were, respectively, 10.3% and 13.9%. Age, color, sharing with their mother or father their sexual orientation, prior HIV and syphilis testing, and previous diagnosis of syphilis or other STDs were statistically associated with both infections (p<0.05). Marital status, family disapproval or indifference of their sexual orientation, better HIV/Aids knowledge, not knowing their chances of acquiring HIV were statistically associated only with HIV and social class only with syphilis. Conclusion: These results indicate the severity of the HIV epidemic amongthe MSM population in Belo Horizonte. Public policies at the municipal and state levels must be implemented and/or revised urgently...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Sexual Behavior , Risk Factors , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Syphilis , Health Vulnerability , Brazil , Socioeconomic Factors
10.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 23(4)out.-dez. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704933

ABSTRACT

Introdução: o conhecimento sobre o HIV/Aids tem sido encontrado baixo entre os homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). A falta de conhecimento mostra-se prejudicial para os esforços de prevenção do HIV e vai além das características individuais. Objetivos: analisar os fatores sociais, individuais e estruturais associados ao baixo conhecimento em HIV/Aids na amostra de HSH adultos e residentes de Belo Horizonte. Métodos: estudo de corte transversal conduzido em 2008-2009, com 274 HSH recrutados pela técnica amostral do Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). O conhecimento em HIV/Aids foi avaliado a partir de 10 afirmativas da entrevista realizada face a face e os escores foram estimados pela Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). A associação entre as variáveis explicativas e o baixo conhecimento em HIV/Aids foi analisada utilizando-se a regressão logística binomial. Resultados: observou-se que 24,5% de HSH apresentaram conhecimento mínimo em HIV/Aids e os fatores associados foram: sociais, não trabalhar e ter nenhum ou poucos amigos que incentivam o uso de preservativos;individuais, não saber quais as chances de se infectar com o HIV, uso irregular de preservativo em relação anal receptiva com qualquer tipo de parceria nos últimos seis meses e nunca ou pouco sentir-se triste ou deprimido; estruturais, participar de atividade religiosa e não conhecer algum grupo organizado ou ONG. Conclusões: Os resultados revelam importante lacuna no conhecimento em relação às informações básicas sobre as formas de transmissão e prevenção do HIV entre HSH em BeloHorizonte. Adequado nível de conhecimento sobre HIV/Aids é aspecto fundamental para melhorar a percepção de risco e motivação para a adoção de práticas do sexo seguro entre HSH. São necessárias ações direcionadas aos fatores sociais, individuais e estruturais voltadas para essa população-chave...


Introduction: HIV/Aids knowledge has been found low among men who have sex with men (MSM). The lack of knowledge proves detrimental to VIH prevention efforts and goes beyond individual characteristics. Objective: To analyse the social, individual and structural factors associated with low HIV/Aids knowledge in MSM sample of adults and residents of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Methods: Cross-sectionalstudy that occurred between 2008 and 2009 with MSM recruited through Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). HIV/Aids knowledge was ascertained through ten statements by face-to-face interview and scores were obtained using Item Response Theory (IRT).The association between the explanatory variables and low HIV/ Aids knowledge was analysed using binomial logistic regression. Results: It was individuobserved that 24.5% of MSM had low knowledge on HIV/Aids and independent associated factors were: Social, not currently working and not being encouraged by friends to use condoms; Individual, not knowing their chance of becoming infected with HIV, irregular condom use in receptive anal sex with any partner in the last six months and not feeling, or little feeling, sadness or depression; Structural, to participate in religious activity and not knowing any Aids related NGO. Conclusion: Our results indicate an important gap in knowledge regarding basic information about the modes of transmission and prevention of HIV among MSM in Belo Horizonte. An adequate level of HIV/Aids knowledge is essential for improving risk perception and the adoption of safe sexual practices among MSM. Actions directed towardssocial, individual and structural factors among this key population are urgently needed...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Sexual Behavior , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/psychology , Brazil , Retrospective Studies
11.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 23(4)out.-dez. 2013.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704934

ABSTRACT

Introdução: a epidemia do HIV no Brasil é considerada concentrada em populações vulneráveis, principalmente em homens que fazem sexo com outros homens (HSH). Objetivo: este trabalho objetiva descrever as características do comportamento sexual de risco e analisar as características associadas ao uso inconsistente de preservativos nas relações sexuais anais receptivas entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) em Belo Horizonte, MG. Métodos: estudo de corte transversal, conduzido em 2008-2009, com 274 HSH recrutados pela técnica amostral do Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). Odds Ratios foram estimadas por regressão logística. Resultados: entre 274 indivíduos,35,7% informaram uso inconsistente de preservativo nas relações anais receptivas nos seis meses anteriores à entrevista, com elevada proporção de parcerias sexuais múltiplas (média de 4,3 parceiros). Ser casado ou estar em união estável, identidade sexual autorreferida como gay, sentir-se tenso ou preocupado algumas ou muitas vezes nos últimos 12 meses, história de relação sexual sob efeito de álcool nos últimos seis meses, baixo conhecimento sobre transmissão do HIV e história de testagem prévia para sífilis foram fatores independentemente associados ao uso inconsistente de preservativos nas relações anais receptivas na amostra analisada. Conclusões: foi alta a proporção de uso inconsistente de preservativos nessa população de HSH. Estratégias de intervenções específicas devem ser desenvolvidas, com atenção especial para o uso de álcool e drogas, combate ao estigma e preconceito, além de ampliação à testagem e assistência integral à saúde. O indicador de uso inconsistente de preservativos nas relações anais receptivas deve ser incorporado no monitoramento e avaliação da epidemia de Aids no município...


Introduction: The Brazilian HIV epidemic is considered concentrated among vulnerable populations, particularly men who have sex with men (MSM). Objective: This paper analyzes the characteristics of sexual behavior and its associated factors among MSM in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-2009, among 274 MSM recruited by Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). Odds Ratios wereestimated by logistic regression.Results: Among 274 subjects, 35.7% reported inconsistent condom use in receptive anal intercourse in the 6 months preceding the interview, with a high proportion of multiple sexual partnerships (average of 4.3 partners). Final logistic regression model showed that being married or living in a stable relationship, selfreportedsexual identity as ?gay?, feeling tense or worried some or many times in the past 12 months, history of sexual intercourse under influence of alcohol in the last six months, low knowledge about HIV transmission and history of previous testing for syphilis were sefactors independently associated with inconsistent use of condoms during receptive anal intercourse in the sample. Conclusions: The proportion of inconsistent condom use in this MSM population was high. Specific intervention strategies for should be developed with special attention to the use of alcohol and drugs, fighting stigma and prejudice, as well as expanding testing and comprehensivehealth assistance. The indicator inconsistent condom use in receptive anal sex should be incorporated in the monitoring and evaluation of the Aids epidemic at the municipal level in this key population of MSM...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Sexual Behavior , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Brazil , Socioeconomic Factors , Sexual Partners
12.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 23(2)abr.-jun. 2013.
Article in Portuguese, English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-702877

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho descreve e analisa a participação de homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) em organizações não governamentais (ONGs). Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal com 271 HSHs em Belo Horizonte nos anos 2007-2009. Utilizou-se a técnica amostral Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS), usada para contatar populações de difícil acesso. Verificou-se que 72,7% dos participantes tinham conhecimentos suficientes sobre a transmissão das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) e vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Foram verificadas altas proporções de consumo de álcool mais de duas vezes por semana (62,6%) e uso irregular de preservativo no sexo anal receptivo e insertivo (40,5 e 43,9%, respectivamente). Observou-se que 40,6% sentiram-se discriminados pela orientação sexual e foi alta a proporção dos que tiveram história de ter sofrido agressão sexual, física ou verbal pela orientação sexual (67,2%). A participação de HSH em ONGs em Belo Horizonte pode ser considerada baixa (17,3%). As seguintes variáveisestiveram estatisticamente associadas a mais participação em ONG: estar em união estável, sentir-se discriminado pela orientação sexual; história de ter sofrido agressão sexual, física ou verbal; receber preservativos gratuitos nos últimos 12 meses, história de testagem prévia para sífilis, relatar chance moderada a alta de se infectar pelo HIV; e história de DST nos últimos 12 meses. As ONGs devem se empenhar em relação à sensibilização específica da população de HSH, com base na sua participação na disseminação de informação e conhecimentos, com vistas a estimular nessa população empenho, uso regular de preservativo e a prevenção em relação à transmissão de HIV e de outras DSTs.


The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the participation of men who have sex with men (MSM) in NGOs. This is a cross-sectional study with 265 MSM in Belo Horizonte in 2007-2009. The sampling technique RDS (Respondent Driven Sampling) was used to contact populations considered difficult to be reached. The results indicate that among theparticipants, 72.7% have sufficient knowledge about the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV. High proportions of alcohol drinking for more than twice a week (62.6%) and of irregular condom use in receptive or insertive anal intercourse (40.5% and 43.9%, respectively) were found. It was also observed that 40.6% felt they were discriminatedagainst due to sexual orientation and the proportion of those who suffered sexual, verbal or physical violence due to sexual orientation was high (67.2%). The participation of MSM in NGOs in Belo Horizonte can be considered low (17.3%). The following variables were statistically associated with higher participation in NGOs: non-white skin color, being in a commonlaw union, feeling discriminated against because of sexual orientation, a history of sexual, physical or verbal violence, receiving free condoms in the last 12 months, having been contested for syphilis, perceiving to be under risk of becoming infected with HIV, and having a history of STD in the last 12 months. NGOs should strive for specific awareness to encourage greater participation, regular condom use, andprevention of transmission of HIV and other STDs.

13.
Clinics ; 68(5): 612-620, maio 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-675744

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a study to identify gender differences in factors associated with the first episode of non-adherence in the 12 months following the first antiretroviral prescription. METHODS: A concurrent prospective study of patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Brazil was conducted from 2001-2002. The self-reported measurement of adherence was defined as an intake of less than 95% of the prescribed number of doses. Only the first occurrence of non-adherence was considered in this analysis. All analyses were stratified by gender. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the risk of non-adherence, and the time to non-adherence was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of non-adherence was 34.6% (29.7% and 43.9% among men and women, respectively; p=0.010). Marital status (being married or in stable union; p=0.022), alcohol use in the month prior to the baseline interview (p=0.046), and current tobacco use (p=0.005) increased the risk of non-adherence among female participants only, whereas a self-reported difficulty with the antiretroviral treatment was associated with non-adherence in men only. For both men and women, we found that a longer time between the HIV test and first antiretroviral therapy prescription (p=0.028) also presented an increased risk of non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort study, the incidence of non-adherence was 1.5 times greater among women compared to men. Our results reinforce the need to develop interventions that account for gender differences in public referral centers. Additionally, we emphasize that, to achieve and maintain appropriate adherence levels, it is important to understand the barriers to seeking and utilizing health care services. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Sex Factors , Brazil , Cohort Studies , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Prospective Studies , Socioeconomic Factors
14.
Cad. saúde pública ; 27(supl.1): s67-s78, 2011. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-582633

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to describe the effect of non-adherence on the main laboratory outcomes, TCD4+ lymphocyte count and viral load, routinely used to monitor patients initiating treatment according to three different approaches to measure adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Among 288 participants, 22.9 percent, 31.9 percent and 74.3 percent were considered non-adherent, according to medical charts, self-report and pharmacy records, respectively. Depending on the adherence measures used, the average gain in TCD4+ lymphocyte count ranged from 142.4 to 195.4 cells/mm3 among adherent patients, and from 58.5 to 99.8 lymphocytes TCD4+/mm3 among those non-adherent. The average reduction on viral load ranged from 4.25 to 4.62 log copies/mL among the adherent patients, and from 1.99 to 4.07 log among those non-adherent. Monitoring antiretroviral adherence should be considered a priority in these public AIDS referral centers in order to identify patients at high risk of developing virologic failure. Early interventions are necessary in order to maintain the initial therapeutic regimens for longer periods.


O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o efeito da não-adesão nos principais desfechos laboratoriais, contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ e carga viral, rotineiramente utilizados para monitoramento de pacientes iniciando tratamento segundo três diferentes formas de medir adesão à terapia antirretroviral. Entre 288 participantes, 22,9 por cento, 31,9 por cento e 74,3 por cento foram considerados não-aderentes, respectivamente, pelos registros em prontuários médicos, autorrelato e registros de dispensação nas farmácias. Dependendo da medida de adesão utilizada, o ganho médio de linfócitos TCD4+ variou de 142,4 a 195,4 células/mm³ para participantes aderentes, comparados com 58,5 a 99,8 para não-aderentes. A redução média na carga viral variou de 4,25 a 4,62 log cópias/mL entre aderentes, comparados com 1,99 a 4,07 para não-aderentes. O monitoramento da adesão à terapia antirretroviral deve ser uma prioridade nos serviços de referência de AIDS, sendo capaz de identificar pacientes com alto risco de desenvolver falência virológica e permitindo intervenções precoces com possibilidade de preservação de esquemas terapêuticos iniciais.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , HIV Infections , Medical Records , Prospective Studies , Pharmacies/statistics & numerical data , Self Report , Viral Load
15.
Clinics ; 63(2): 165-172, 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-481044

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the degree of difficulty that HIV-infected patients have with therapy treatment. INTRODUCTION: Patients’ perceptions about their treatment are a determinant factor for improved adherence and a better quality of life. METHODS: Two cross-sectional analyses were conducted in public AIDS referral centers in Brazil among patients initiating treatment. Patients interviewed at baseline, after one month, and after seven months following the beginning of treatment were asked to classify and justify the degree of difficulty with treatment. Logistic regression was used for analysis. RESULTS: Among 406 patients initiating treatment, 350 (86.2 percent) and 209 (51.5 percent) returned for their first and third visits, respectively. Treatment perceptions ranged from medium to very difficult for 51.4 percent and 37.3 percent on the first and third visits, respectively. The main difficulties reported were adverse reactions to the medication and scheduling. A separate logistic regression indicated that the HIV-seropositive status disclosure, symptoms of anxiety, absence of psychotherapy, higher CD4+ cell count (> 200/mm³) and high (> 4) adverse reaction count reported were independently associated with the degree of difficulty in the first visit, while CDC clinical category A, pill burden (> 7 pills), use of other medications, high (> 4) adverse reaction count reported and low understanding of medical orientation showed independent association for the third visit. CONCLUSIONS: A significant level of difficulty was observed with treatment. Our analyses suggest the need for early assessment of difficulties with treatment, highlighting the importance of modifiable factors that may contribute to better adherence to the treatment protocol.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/psychology , Logistic Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult
16.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 13(2): 87-91, abr.-jun. 2003. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-577929

ABSTRACT

O uso de Clínicas de DST como "serviços-sentinela" para vigilância da infecção pelo HIV tem sido recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e utilizado em várias cidades brasileiras. Determinou-se, neste trabalho, a prevalência do HIV e suas mudanças temporais em amostra de pacientes atendidos em serviço público de referência de DST em cinco períodos, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: compararam-se os resultados com tendências de vigilância de casos notificados de Aids no nível municipal, em 1985 (n = 261), 1986 (n = 285). 1989 (n = 345), 1994 (n = 517) e 1995 (n = 450). A prevalência do HIV aumentou de 0%. em 1985, 1986 e 1989, para 3%, em 1994 e 1995. Em contraste, os marcadores para hepatite B permaneceram relativamente constantes nesse período. Características dos indivíduos positivos indicaram a atividade homo/bissexual corno principal fonte de infecção e, para as cinco mulheres, provavelmente o contágio foi devido à atividade heterossexual. Esses resultados são compatíveis com a introdução tardia do HIV nessa população, se comparados com os de outras cidades do Brasil. Clínicas para DST devem continuar a monitorar a prevalência em sua clientela, mas também reforçar programas de saúde pública, incluindo educação em saúde, incentivo ao uso de preservativo e rastreamento e tratamento de DST.


The use of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics as sentinel sites for HIV surveillance has been recommended by WHO and it has been carried out in many Brazilian cities. The HIV prevalence and its temporal changes in a sample of STD attenders in five periods, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, was determined. The results were compared with trends in the surveillance of reported AIDS cases at the municipal level in 1985 (n=261), 1986 (n=285), 1989 (n=345), 1994 (n=517) e 1995 (n=450). HIV prevalence rose from O% in 1985, 1986 and 1989 to 3% in 1994 and 1995. In contrast, hepatitis B markers remained relatively stable overtime. Characteristics of the positive individuals indicated homo/bissexual activity os be the main source of infection. Source of infection for the five women was heterossexual activity. These results are compatible with a later introduction of HIV into this population, as compared with other cities in Brazil. STD clinics should continue to monitor HIV prevalence among their patients but should also reinforce public health programs, including health education, condom use promotion and screening and treatmentr of STDs.


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Brazil , Retrospective Studies
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